Since more than 1,500 years ago, Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) have welcomed immigrants from every corner of the globe, cultivating and perpetuating a tapestry of diverse cultures. In this third article in our series about the many cultures that comprise Hawai‘i, we will focus on the Japanese — how they arrived here, their culture and a few celebrated observances.
Japanese Arrival in Hawai‘i
The earliest documented arrival of Japanese in Hawai‘i was in 1806, when survivors of a Japanese ship became stranded in the Pacific Ocean, then rescued by Capt. Cornelius Sole of an American ship. Upon docking in O‘ahu, the captain left the survivors in King Kamehameha I’s care. From 1869 to 1885, emigration from Japan was suspended. In 1881, King David Kalākaua visited and successfully strengthened relations between Hawai‘i and Japan, and emigration began again in 1885. Today, about 16% of Hawai‘i’s population is of Japanese ancestry.
Culture and Tradition
Many aspects of Japanese culture are embedded in the local ways of life. For example, we played “jan-ken-pon” instead of “rock-paper-scissors” in our hanabata days. “Hanabata” (runny nose) is just one example of how Japanese words and phrases are infused in daily conversation. Japanese food — ramen, sashimi, bento, etc. — is also an integral part of local culture. Japanese art, such as ikebana (flower arranging) and gyotaku (fish printing) are popular in Hawai‘i. The Honolulu Museum of Art has over 10,000 Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints in its collection.
Celebrations and Obon
Many Japanese celebrations are enthusiastically honored each year in Hawai‘i. Families and friends get together for mochitsuki (mochi-pounding) during oshogatsu (Japanese New Year) and pound for peace, prosperity and good health. On Kodomo no Hi (Children’s Day) on May 5, families fly koinobori, carp-shaped windsocks. On Tanabata (Star Festival) on July 7, one writes a wish on tanzaku (colorful paper) and displays it.
One of the most important events, the traditional, three-day Buddhist Obon festival, is celebrated each summer to honor ancestors. Obon was introduced to Hawai‘i in the late 1800s by Japanese plantation workers. On the first day, families clean ancestral graves, calling spirits home by hanging lanterns outside or lighting mukae-bi (welcoming fires). On the second day, bon odori (bon dance) is held. Unique to Hawai‘i is hatsubon — the first memorial service to honor those who passed since last Obon season. Finally, okuri-bon (to send off) is held on the third day, when families light toro nagashi (floating lanterns) to help guide ancestors back to their world. This year, Obon festivals will be held throughout the summer, from June to September.
Visit the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i’s website (jcchawaii.org), and Generations Magazine’s Facebook page (facebook.com/genmag808) and calendar (generations808.com/calendar) for community events and opportunities.
The next article in this series will feature the influences of Okinawan culture in Hawai‘i.
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